Languages versus case otherwise adpositional establishing in which just the diligent and you may theme, yet not the newest recipient, was listed try unattested.

elizabeth. another type of circumstances marker otherwise adposition towards the monotransitive diligent (and you may ditransitive theme) just with animate and you may/otherwise distinct NPs (cf. Bossong 1985, 1998; Comrie 1989: ch. 6). When, as well as commonly the case, the fresh differential target marker is just like the new person marker, i’ve a prospective condition. Let us consider Language, that is really-known for their differential target marker a beneficial taking place on the animate people (cf. 6a-b). The same preposition as well as scratching recipients (cf. 6c).

Upon facial skin review of those examples, it might appear one both the motif ‘book’ in addition to receiver ‘Juan’ from inside the (6c) become the fresh monotransitive diligent, so that we might feel discussing a dual-object framework. But not, study of an increased selection of investigation implies that having ditransitives new person is designated which have a good, by themselves of its animacy, once the motif has got the same differential marking as the monotransitive diligent. For this reason, Spanish and similar languages is classified right here as secondary-target languages.

3. The latest double-object structure

Regarding great majority off instances, the two items one to behave equivalent and like the monotransitive patient tell you no establishing whatsoever, i.age. none circumstances-ple (7) off Dagbani (Gur, Niger-Congo; Ghana and you can Togo) is much more typical than simply analogy (2) above.

The fresh double-object sorts of comes with languages where the person and you will new theme try detailed to your verb, and they are indexed by a comparable ple is actually Kinyarwanda (Bantu; Rwanda; Dryer 1983).

In a lot of twice-object dialects, this new person while the theme can be prominent by-word buy, and when your order from individual and you may theme is fixed, it is generally the receiver which comes first (cf. Sedlak 1975, Primus 1998). Yet not, there are even lots of double-object dialects where not even keyword buy differentiates receiver and you may motif, therefore, the character project have to be inferred from the context (elizabeth.g. Shipibo-Konibo (Panoan; Peru), Valenzuela 2002).

cuatro. New secondary-target framework

If you are you will find some languages one to, particularly Chamorro, tell you unique case-marking of ditransitive motif, for the majority additional-target dialects this new theme’s unique behavior inquiries verb indexing: On these languages there isn’t any object case-establishing, and only the monotransitive diligent and ditransitive recipient is actually indexed with the verb. A normal analogy comes from Motuna (Eastern Bougainville; Papua The new Guinea).

5. Mixed languages

A words might have been categorized due to the fact combined when it shows a couple of similarly extensive solution buildings for the verb ‘give’, or if perhaps it’s several verbs meaning ‘give’ which occur in some other constructions. The former situation is portrayed because of the Mandarin (cf. 9a-b), plus by English.

You will find one next style of conduct that will be considered due to the fact blended: whenever a homes is classified one another by the case-marking by verb indexing, whenever those two do not wade along with her. For example, in the Bawm (Chin, Tibeto-Burman; Myanmar and India), brand new individual is datehookup designated by postposition sinah, contrasting to the unmarked motif, and that is detailed to your verb because of the an item clitic hence together with spiders brand new monotransitive diligent (nan= from inside the (10a-b)).

This has been felt like somewhat arbitrarily to not ever identify eg dialects because mixed, but to help you identify them according to conclusion of the situation otherwise adpositional marking. For this reason, Bawm is actually classified given that a secondary-object language for the true purpose of this chart.

6. Geographic delivery

The 2 clear geographic generalizations would be the overwhelming predominance of one’s indirect-target development when you look at the Eurasia (apart from mainland Southeast China), in addition to lack of so it development from United states. Mesoamerica and you can adjacent section within the South usa are reigned over of the indirect-target dialects, however, someplace else new activities much more mixed. Into the Africa, truth be told there appears to be particular alignment which have language families: Afroasiatic and Mande dialects have a tendency to inform you the new secondary-target structure, if you find yourself Niger-Congo languages except that Mande tend to reveal double-target and you will second-target constructions.