Friendship

To help you gauge the sized the fresh new network of deal with-to-deal with household members, what exactly on Glee Questionnaire Monitor (Helliwell and you will Huang, 2013) were used: “Everything exactly how many family relations are you experiencing?.” It concern was replied for the a level of 1 lower than 5 members of the family to 5 more than fifty household members. Practical question to evaluate the dimensions of on the web friend networks try similar (Helliwell and Huang, 2013): “Whenever how many family members do you have to the Twitter?” nevertheless the effect size are various other, anywhere between step 1 below 50 to 8 over one thousand.

All the questions with the quality of relationship included in the fresh Western european Social Survey was basically modified to evaluate quality of face-to-deal with and online relationships. All the questions had been: “Just how many individuals omegle free app have you got having whom you can also be mention intimate and private matters?” and you can “Just how many of them persons was your own Twitter friends?.” The fresh new response size varied from 1 (none) so you’re able to eight (10 or more).

A principle components analysis with an oblique rotation was performed on the four friendship items. Examination of the Kaiser–Meyer Olkin measure of sampling adequacy (KMO = 0.511) and of the Bartlett’s test of sphericity (? 2 ₍₆₎ = , p 2 ₍₃₀₎ = ; p = 0.001) and Facebook friends’ observed variables (? 2 ₍₄₉₎ = ; p = 0.003) are related to each other. Factor scores were used as indexes of friendship in the analyses.

Wellness

So you can evaluate physical health, and the detected wellness item usually utilized in in the world studies (e.g., Eriksson mais aussi al., 2001 – “How will you speed your overall health generally speaking” with responses on the a beneficial 5-part size, anywhere between pretty good to very bad) the four items of this new future health dimension of the County away from Fitness Survey SF-36 (Ware and Sherbourne, 1992) was included. A typical example of the questions try: “I seem to get sick a tiny easier than other anyone.” These things was replied towards the a good 5-section scale, anywhere between step 1 absolutely false so you’re able to 5 definitely genuine. The five things presented an adequate accuracy (? = 0.72) in addition to average of your own four activities are computed given that indication from care about-reported health.

Psychological state is actually reviewed through five activities from the SF-36 (Ware and you may Sherbourne, 1992). A good example try “How many times have you felt extremely nervous over the last cuatro months?.” These types of questions was responded to the a 5-area scale, anywhere between to not usually. Just like the number of interior consistency of the things that was a good (? = 0.80), the latest sign regarding mental health is calculated, averaging the newest answers to these four issues.

The assessment of subjective well-being was performed with two items (r = 0.722; p 2 ₍₅₎ = ; p 2 ₍₂₅₎ = ; p 2 ₍₃₀₎ = ; p 2 ₍₃₀₎ = ; p 2 ₍₃₅₎ = ; p 1 (Figure 1). More specifically, we tested whether bridging and bonding social capital mediated the relationships among face-to-face friendship and health, as the direct pathway between Facebook friends and health proved not to be significant, ? = 0.09, p = 0.192. Age, gender, education, subjective SES, self-esteem, and living alone effects were controlled. Missing data were handled with listwise deletion.

The direct pathway between face-to-face friendship and health was totally mediated by bonding and bridging social capital. For the mediation of bonding, we found significant paths between friendship and bonding, ? = 0.18, t = 5.59, p 2 ₍₆₎ = , p 2 ₍₆₄₎ = ; p 2 ₍₆₄₎ = ; p 2 /DF 0.95; CFI > 0.95; RMSEA 2 ₍₅₎ = ; p 2 ₍₂₅₎ = ; p = 0.039] and close friends [? 2 ₍₃₀₎ = ; p = 0.028] than the older participants. The other side of the coin reveals that 9.8% of the respondents claimed to have less than five friends and around 8% affirmed having no close friends at all. Regarding older participants, aged 55 years or above, 8.3% referred to not having anyone to speak to about intimate issues and 9.9% indicated having only one intimate friend.