Morphological contrasting

We obtained adult specimen peels handled about STRoentgenIBC (N =67), the fresh new Western Art gallery out of Natural Record (AMNH, N =25), as well as the All of us Federal Museum bird range (USNM, N = 10) from Costa Rica, Panama, and Colombia for every single from around three phenotypic qualities: i) dorsal plumage, ii) ventral plumage, and you may iii) facial secure ornamentation. Pursuing the , MJM, Sel, or more to three almost every other observers (discover Even more file step one: Table S1) obtained for every single bird by themselves to your a size away from 0 – 1, in which 0 depicted a good phenotypically absolute Jacana spinosa, and you will 1 depicted a phenotypically pure Jacana jacana (considering contrasting that have skins out-of beyond your get in touch with region), and in addition we averaged new scores for every single characteristic because the phenotypic crossbreed index each sample . Specimens having phenotypic crossbreed indices less than 0.10 were categorized due to the fact “pure” spinosa, while you are an index out of 0.ninety or even more is scored since the “pure” jacana. A rating anywhere between 0.ten and you can 0.twenty five are classified while the “spinosa-like”, while an inventory between 0.75 and 0.ninety was classified because “jacana-like”. Specimens which have indices anywhere between 0.twenty five and you can 0.75 had been classified just like the “hybrids”.

Hereditary study

I sequenced a beneficial 652 base partners fragment of one’s mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase We gene (COI: the fresh DNA barcode fragment) off 59 Panamanian jacanas, plus one or two specimens out of eastern Honduras provided for our analysis of the J. Klicka in addition to Marjorie Barrick Art gallery. We chose which gene to take benefit of current sequence investigation toward Genbank to possess jacanas from diverse geographical countries, that have been including put in the new dataset (Letter = 10). Research strategies follow important actions that have been discussed in other places . We attempted however, were not able to create succession study out of bottom pad extractions throughout the Smith and you may Emlen a number of specimens.

The brand new COI data were used so you’re able to estimate the brand new hereditary distinctiveness regarding both jacana species and you may infer the amount of time kissbrides.com have a peek at the hyperlink out of speciation anywhere between J. spinosa and you can J. jacana, and also to assess the training to which geography limitations gene flow when you look at the jacanas (we.age. isolation-by-distance). I made median-joining system in the PopART . We utilized Super in order to determine the typical point utilising the HKY brand of molecular development so you can evaluate divergence for the jacanas to other avian species where genetic point has been determined making use of the HKY design .

I checked towards the aftereffect of geographic length on hereditary variations (i.age., isolation of the distance) via an excellent Mantel try implemented regarding program Alleles in proportions , hence measures up hereditary and you can geographical distances one of someone in place of populations. For J. spinosa and J. jacana mtDNA series kits, we correlated uncorrected pairwise series divergence with pairwise geographic length getting every possible pairs. Dependence on the new relationship was influenced by researching the fresh new observed relationship so you can arbitrary correlations according to ten,100 permutations.

So you can match new mtDNA-depending analyses out-of hereditary introgression across the jacana hybrid zone, we sequenced one or two autosomal introns (gapdh 11: , and you will 10551: ) having STRIBC specimens collected round the Panama. Considering a short review from sequence type from several samples out of for each geographical endpoint (outside the crossbreed zone) in our sampling framework, we known an individual nucleotide polymorphism for each and every intron: gapdh step 3- anti-feel updates 136 (cytosine-thymine: C-T change), and 10551 position 153 (adenine-guanine: A-G transition). Ranks are in line with aligned sequences of each intron to your J. spinosa test MJM8238 (Genbank accessions: gapdh: KM891734, 10551: KM891735).

Cline shape analyses

We estimated the shape of the phenotypic and genotypic clines using ClineFit , which applies the cline fitting formulas developed by Szymura and Barton . The shape of a cline is determined by three formulas. The first formula (1) defines a symmetric S-shaped curve around the center of the hybrid zone, and relies on two parameters: c – for the center of the curve, and w – which is 1/maximum slope of the cline, and represents the cline width. Two additional formulae define the cline tails (2,3) and add four additional parameters: z _L and z _R , which represent the distance from c to a vertical asymptote for the exponential decay of allele frequencies to the left and right sides of the hybrid zone, while ? _L and ? _R define the rates of this exponential decay relative to the shape of the central cline (1).